Music is considered to be in the public domain if it meets any of the following criteria:
- All rights have expired.
- The authors have explicitly put a work into the public domain.
- There never were copyrights.
In the United States, any musical works published before 1922, in addition to those voluntarily placed in public domain, exist in the public domain. In most other countries, music generally enters the public domain in a period of fifty to seventy-five years after the composer's death. (Public domain rights must be verified for each individual country.) It is important to note the distinction between "musical works" (sheet music and other compositions) and "sound recordings" (audio files, CDs, records), as virtually all sound recordings will not fall into public domain until 2067, unless explicitly placed into the public domain by its creators, rights holders or made by an employee or officer of the United States Government acting under their official duty.
In the European Union and Canada, sound recordings were copyrighted for fifty years until 2013. On January 1, 2013, The Beatles' single "Love Me Do" entered the public domain. As of November 2013, European sound recordings are now protected for 70 years. In 2015, Canada changed the copyright length to 70 years.
If a piece of music does not fall within public domain and is under copyright, then it is unlawful to reproduce, perform, distribute, or create a new version of that music without a proper license.
Note that under compulsory license laws, some of these actions may in fact be lawful, but the infringing party would then be liable for any royalty the copyright holder may charge for the use of their work.
On February 8, 2016, a court ruled that “Happy Birthday to You†was in the public domain, and Warner/Chappell Music was required to pay $14 million to the song’s licensees.
Sources/Projects
Inherently, all historical musical works (pre-1922) are public domain. Classical sheet music, for example, is widely available for free use and reproduction. Some more current works are also available for free use through public works projects such as Internet Archive. This and similar projects aim to preserve and make readily available thousands of public domain music files, many of which have been recorded by projects dedicated to recording music for public use.
Music on the Creative Commons:
The Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization created for the purpose of housing the public domain. The Commons allows copyright owners to dedicate their works to the public domain either immediately or, with the "Founders' Copyright" (originally created in the first copyright law in 1790), can obtain an exclusive license for 14 or 28 years (if renewed) of copyright protection in exchange for selling their work to the Commons for one dollar after that protection has expired. Copyright owners can fill out an online application at https://creativecommons.org/ in order to apply.
Public domain musical works and recordings can be loaded onto the Wikimedia Commons website.
Copyrights
For music, the involved rights are:
- Authors (composers, lyricists) â€" e.g. CISAC members, AR: SADAIC, DE: GEMA, GB: PRS, US: SESAC, BMI, ASCAP
- Performer
- Mechanical rights â€" e.g. BIEM members (mechanical rights collecting societies), AR: SADAIC, DE: GEMA, GB: MCPS, US: HARRY-FOX
- BIEM is the international organisation representing mechanical rights societies. Mechanical rights societies exist in most countries. They license the reproduction of songs (including musical, literary and dramatic works). Their members are composers, authors and publishers and their clients are record companies and other users of recorded music. They also license mechanical aspects of the downloading of music via the Internet.
- Mechanical rights â€" e.g. BIEM members (mechanical rights collecting societies), AR: SADAIC, DE: GEMA, GB: MCPS, US: HARRY-FOX
-
- Live performance â€" DE: de:GVL
- Publisher â€" e.g. IFPI members, AR: CAPIF, US: RIAA
See also
- Public domain
- Public domain film
- List of public domain tangos
- Copyright Term Extension Act
- LibriVox, an online digital library of free public domain audiobooks.
- Copyright collective
- performance rights organisation
References
External links
- Sheet music
- http://www.mutopiaproject.org/index.html
- https://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:The_Sheet_Music_Project
